The working principle of lead-acid batteries is based on the chemical reaction of lead and lead oxide in sulfuric acid electrolyte. During the charging process, lead and lead oxide are respectively converted into lead sulfate, while releasing electrical energy. During the discharge process, lead sulfate is converted into lead and lead oxide, thereby consuming electrical energy. This process is reversible, so lead-acid batteries can be repeatedly charged and discharged, thereby achieving energy storage and release.

Lead acid batteries are a mature and reliable energy storage device. Although they may not be as good as some emerging technologies in terms of energy density and lifespan, their low cost and good stability still make them irreplaceable in many applications. With the advancement of technology, we can expect further improvement in the performance of lead-acid batteries to meet the needs of more fields. At the same time, the recycling and treatment of lead also require our continuous attention and improvement to achieve more environmentally friendly and sustainable energy storage solutions.