Although lead-acid batteries may not be as advanced in technology as some emerging energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, they still have many significant advantages. Firstly, the manufacturing cost of lead-acid batteries is relatively low, which makes them the preferred energy storage solution in many application areas, especially those that are cost sensitive. Secondly, lead-acid batteries have good safety performance and are less prone to safety accidents such as thermal runaway or explosion. In addition, lead-acid batteries have stable charging and discharging efficiency and can operate over a wide temperature range, enabling them to perform well under various environmental conditions.